A New Bible Translation Reveals a Different Message of Paul

docphin5

Well-known member
There is a new translation of the New Testament called “The New Testament: a Translation” by David Bentley Hart which reveals an alternate meaning to what everyone has been told. This is exciting for me because I discovered this after comparing young’s literal translation to all other translations and reading the Nag Hammadi (gnostic texts from the first and second century C.E.) which provides additional context for Paul’s letters that few know about.

What few people realize is that translators have a tremendous power to shape the meaning during the process of translating from Greek into English. So they end up producing a translation that most people would want to BUY ($$) and read versus what it actually means. In the process Paul‘s original message is barely recognizable.

IMO, this vindicates Paul who has been blamed for absurd ideas like substitutionary atonement, depravity of humans, and eternal hell.

Per the review,
Paul’s actual teachings, however, as taken directly from the Greek of his letters, emphasise neither original guilt nor imputed righteousness (he believed in neither), but rather the overthrow of bad angels. A certain long history of misreadings – especially of the Letter to the Romans – has created an impression of Paul’s theological concerns so entirely alien to his conceptual world that the real Paul occupies scarcely any place at all in Christian memory.

It is true that he addresses issues of ‘righteousness’ or ‘justice’, and asserts that this is available to us only through the virtue of pistis – ‘faith’ or ‘trust’ or even ‘fidelity’. But for Paul, pistis largely consists in [individual] works of obedience to God and love of others. The only erga, ‘works’, which he is anxious to claim make no contribution to personal sanctity, are certain ‘ritual observances’ of the Law of Moses, such as circumcision or kosher dietary laws.”

It also reveals that Paul talked a lot more about cosmic development through imperfect divine powers (eg, YHWH) than most people realize, much like the natural philosophers and gnostic Christians did when they spoke about the demiurge.

“The essence of Paul’s theology is something far stranger, and unfolds on a far vaster scale. For Paul, the present world-age is rapidly passing, while another world-age differing from the former in every dimension – heavenly or terrestrial, spiritual or physical – is already dawning. The story of salvation concerns the entire cosmos; and it is a story of invasion, conquest, spoliation and triumph. For Paul, the cosmos has been enslaved to death, both by our sin and by the malign governance of those ‘angelic’ or ‘daemonian’ agencies who reign over the earth from the heavens, and who hold spirits in thrall below the earth. These angelic beings, these Archons, whom Paul calls Thrones and Powers and Dominations and Spiritual Forces of Evil in the High Places, are the gods of the nations. In the Letter to the Galatians, he even hints that the angel of the Lord who rules over Israel might be one of their number. Whether fallen, or mutinous, or merely incompetent, these beings stand intractably between us and [the Most High] God [aka, the El]. But Christ has conquered them all.”

Reference
Everything you know about the Gospel of Paul is likely wrong
 
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Of course I bought it.

The first passage I looked up was one I have harped on many times which is used by orthodoxy to prove a physically risen (in human form) Christ but does not say that at all. The passage is 1 corinthians 15:8.

And last of all, as if by a miscarried baby (aka, abortion), he was seen by me also.”

To paraphrase Paul, all the Jewish Christians, even those whom Paul disagreed with so often, to include Cephas (Peter), perceived the body of Christ as an abortion, NOT AS A RISEN (IN HUMAN FORM) MAN.

Do you know where Christ is also referred to as as an “abortion” with regards to world development, specifically, the externalization of divine spirit into lifeless matter? The gnostic Christians!

I am sorry for getting worked up over this, but this suggests that Christian orthodoxy has been covering up the fact that the origins of Christianity contained gnostic elements. But I don’t want to focus on the past. I want to focus on the future.

The long night is passing and the light is dawning in the world once again as evidenced by
freedom of thought,
critical investigation,
exponential growth in science and learning,
exchange of information and trade,
discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls and
Nag Hammadi, and
Rosetta Stone for heiroglyphics, and
Kuneiform for reading ancient sumerian and babylonian tablets, etc
—just like it was just prior to the beginning of our common era when a spiritual awakening occurred at the dawn of the western civilization. This is our reawakening, IMO, after centuries of despotism, absolute monarchies, and tyrants. We are living through a unique time in the history of the world. It is amazing to see it.
 
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I'm not sure a translation that characterises itself as 'pitilessly literal' is one to be simplistically vaunted.

In any case, neither the standard nor your quoted translations have 1 Corinthians 15:8 referring to Christ as an 'abortion': however one wishes to translate the noun, it's unequivocally a reference to Paul himself. In this case, you've misunderstood both the Greek and the English in a pretty radical way.
 
I'm not sure a translation that characterises itself as 'pitilessly literal' is one to be simplistically vaunted.

In any case, neither the standard nor your quoted translations have 1 Corinthians 15:8 referring to Christ as an 'abortion': however one wishes to translate the noun, it's unequivocally a reference to Paul himself. In this case, you've misunderstood both the Greek and the English in a pretty radical way.
The “abortion” was seen (or perceived**) by everyone, to include Paul: “by me” [Paul]. How or why could Paul be the abortion everyone perceives?

Does Paul ever refer to himself as an abortion anywhere else? Not that I am aware of.

But, there are numerous references in the first and second century literature from speculative theological philosophy regarding world development processes (something orthodoxy has no interest in) resulting in a descent (or fall) from a divine spirit into lifeless matter as an “abortion”. Critical thinking ? reveals the path we should take to better understand scripture, but critical thinking is clearly a weak spot for orthodoxy, otherwise they wouldn’t find themselves in the foolish position of denying evolution (another world development process).

I am not trying to convert you. You obviously are committed to what you choose to believe. But for those who have never heard this before, it gives them an alternative to superman Jesus being seen flying through the air.

“It’s a bird,…it’s a plane...It’s Jesus!”

No, it actually is a divine entity at work developing the cosmos in stages. And some people perceived one stage of world development, specifically, its beginning, as an abortion, an imperfect result.

**3708 horáō – properly, see, often with metaphorical meaning: "to see with the mind" (i.e. spiritually see), i.e. perceive (with inward spiritual perception).
 
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There is a new translation of the New Testament called “The New Testament: a Translation” by David Bentley Hart which reveals an alternate meaning to what everyone has been told. This is exciting for me because I discovered this after comparing young’s literal translation to all other translations and reading the Nag Hammadi (gnostic texts from the first and second century C.E.) which provides additional context for Paul’s letters that few know about.

What few people realize is that translators have a tremendous power to shape the meaning during the process of translating from Greek into English. So they end up producing a translation that most people would want to BUY ($$) and read versus what it actually means. In the process Paul‘s original message is barely recognizable.

IMO, this vindicates Paul who has been blamed for absurd ideas like substitutionary atonement, depravity of humans, and eternal hell.

Per the review,
Paul’s actual teachings, however, as taken directly from the Greek of his letters, emphasise neither original guilt nor imputed righteousness (he believed in neither), but rather the overthrow of bad angels. A certain long history of misreadings – especially of the Letter to the Romans – has created an impression of Paul’s theological concerns so entirely alien to his conceptual world that the real Paul occupies scarcely any place at all in Christian memory.

It is true that he addresses issues of ‘righteousness’ or ‘justice’, and asserts that this is available to us only through the virtue of pistis – ‘faith’ or ‘trust’ or even ‘fidelity’. But for Paul, pistis largely consists in [individual] works of obedience to God and love of others. The only erga, ‘works’, which he is anxious to claim make no contribution to personal sanctity, are certain ‘ritual observances’ of the Law of Moses, such as circumcision or kosher dietary laws.”

It also reveals that Paul talked a lot more about cosmic development through imperfect divine powers (eg, YHWH) than most people realize, much like the natural philosophers and gnostic Christians did when they spoke about the demiurge.

“The essence of Paul’s theology is something far stranger, and unfolds on a far vaster scale. For Paul, the present world-age is rapidly passing, while another world-age differing from the former in every dimension – heavenly or terrestrial, spiritual or physical – is already dawning. The story of salvation concerns the entire cosmos; and it is a story of invasion, conquest, spoliation and triumph. For Paul, the cosmos has been enslaved to death, both by our sin and by the malign governance of those ‘angelic’ or ‘daemonian’ agencies who reign over the earth from the heavens, and who hold spirits in thrall below the earth. These angelic beings, these Archons, whom Paul calls Thrones and Powers and Dominations and Spiritual Forces of Evil in the High Places, are the gods of the nations. In the Letter to the Galatians, he even hints that the angel of the Lord who rules over Israel might be one of their number. Whether fallen, or mutinous, or merely incompetent, these beings stand intractably between us and [the Most High] God [aka, the El]. But Christ has conquered them all.”

Reference
Everything you know about the Gospel of Paul is likely wrong
Interesting.

Looks like the reviews are varied and not all good.


Apparently Hart is a theological philosopher, not a greek linguist.
The reviewer notes that a theological philosopher trying to translate the new testament is like a greek theologian trying to translate the philosophical works of Philo (Apparently it doesn't go well).



A common theme here in the reviews is that Greek doesn't actually translate well into English.
This was an important issue that was taught in my elementary school English courses growing up. And reiterated in my Spanish class in high school and French class in college.

In fact, the problem with any language into English is that English uses so many similar words to describe ideas that other languages have multiple words for.

Eg., storge, agape, phileo, eros, and more.... all get translated as Love.
Storge is the word used to describe the love of a parent for their children.
Agape is a transcendent love.
Phileo is the love of friends.
Eros, that's sexual love. I.e., we get the word, erotic.

So.... watch and see.....



There are numerous reviews, I'm thinking at some point they all point back to a couple primary reviewers.

The guy apparently has universalist ideas.... i.e., nobody goes to hell.

He's apparently a member of the socialist democratic party.
 
Eg., storge, agape, phileo, eros, and more.... all get translated as Love.
Storge is the word used to describe the love of a parent for their children.
Agape is a transcendent love.
Phileo is the love of friends.
Eros, that's sexual love. I.e., we get the word, erotic

I think I'm right about this:

John 21: 15-17: After Jesus has risen from the dead, He asks Peter three times if Peter loves Him. The Greek text uses agape the first two times, and phileo the third time, almost as if after hearing Peter confess twice that he loved Him, Jesus asks, "Do you even like me?" I may be taking this the wrong way, but it is interesting that with this third question, Peter's answer seems to show some distress: "Lord, you KNOW I philo you."
 
Phileo is the love of friends.
Eros, that's sexual love. I.e., we get the word, erotic

C.S. Lewis said something to this effect:

With eros two people look into each other's eyes and enjoy the other.

With phileo they stand side by side and look at something, not themselves, which they mutually enjoy.

But of course Lewis said it much better than I just did.

Storge is affection, like what you'd have for your dog or cat. And your child too, of course.
 
The “abortion” was seen (or perceived**) by everyone, to include Paul: “by me” [Paul]. How or why could Paul be the abortion everyone perceives?
No: the 'abortion' (if that's the best way of translating the noun) is the one 'perceiving' or 'seeing', not the one 'perceived' or 'being seen'. As I said, you are radically misreading the English of the translation you favour, as well as the Greek.
 
C.S. Lewis said something to this effect:

With eros two people look into each other's eyes and enjoy the other.

With phileo they stand side by side and look at something, not themselves, which they mutually enjoy.

But of course Lewis said it much better than I just did.

Storge is affection, like what you'd have for your dog or cat. And your child too, of course.
In fact, the problem with any language into English is that English uses so many similar words to describe ideas that other languages have multiple words for.

Eg., storge, agape, phileo, eros, and more.... all get translated as Love.
Storge is the word used to describe the love of a parent for their children.
Agape is a transcendent love.
Phileo is the love of friends.
Eros, that's sexual love. I.e., we get the word, erotic.
Alas, as neat as these distinctions are, they're at most half-truths.
 
Interesting.

Looks like the reviews are varied and not all good.


Apparently Hart is a theological philosopher, not a greek linguist.
The reviewer notes that a theological philosopher trying to translate the new testament is like a greek theologian trying to translate the philosophical works of Philo (Apparently it doesn't go well).



A common theme here in the reviews is that Greek doesn't actually translate well into English.
This was an important issue that was taught in my elementary school English courses growing up. And reiterated in my Spanish class in high school and French class in college.
It is not just Greek into English but Hebrew into English. The meaning can change entirely depending upon what the person translating PRESUMES it should mean. Here is an interesting article on that topic FYI. (Note that I have not affirmed this particular opinion yet.)

What part of the Torah have been translated incorrectly

The conclusion is the following:

These aren’t really incorrect translations, per se. It’s just interesting to see how complicated the question of translation can get. Many, many Bible verses could be interpreted in more than one way, and someone translating from ancient Hebrew to modern English (two very different languages!) is often forced to pick just one meaning. Even the best translation won’t have exactly the same meaning as the original.”


In fact, the problem with any language into English is that English uses so many similar words to describe ideas that other languages have multiple words for.

Eg., storge, agape, phileo, eros, and more.... all get translated as Love.
Storge is the word used to describe the love of a parent for their children.
Agape is a transcendent love.
Phileo is the love of friends.
Eros, that's sexual love. I.e., we get the word, erotic.

So.... watch and see.....

[<snip>

There are numerous reviews, I'm thinking at some point they all point back to a couple primary reviewers.
It is not just the transliteral meaning that is problematic but all the metaphorical meanings and cultural meanings to take into account as well. For example, “blood” was metaphorically associated with soul and life in classical Greece times. So is the “blood” of Jesus in Paul’s epistles a literal human blood or world-soul/cosmic body that the world ordering power (aka Wisdom or Mind of the El) shed? (In the sense that heavenly wisdom** externalized its divine body or substance into lifeless matter at the foundation of the world*, IOW, a world developing process.) An argument can be made for the latter based on local meaning of blood in Paul’s time. I have confirmed that meaning in the Dead Sea Scrolls too arguably written by the original Jewish Christians up to 150 B.C. If so, then the authors of the Gospels are personifying Paul’s universal, celestial Christ into a mythical story.

* (Revelation 13:8). “the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world”

** (1 Corinthians 1:24). ”Christ… the wisdom of God.”

The guy apparently has universalist ideas.... i.e., nobody goes to hell.

He's apparently a member of the socialist democratic party.
Let us not deride the personal belief or behaviors of someone we do not know lest we want to create a litmus test for all Bible translators in order to rally support along party lines: for example your translators are immoral, they didn’t go to the right church, one of them has a drunk driving charge against him, etc. That gets us no where closer to the truth.
 
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It is not just Greek into English but Hebrew into English. The meaning can change entirely depending upon what the person translating PRESUMES it should mean. Here is an interesting article on that topic FYI. (Note that I have not affirmed this particular opinion yet.)

What part of the Torah have been translated incorrectly

The conclusion is the following:

These aren’t really incorrect translations, per se. It’s just interesting to see how complicated the question of translation can get. Many, many Bible verses could be interpreted in more than one way, and someone translating from ancient Hebrew to modern English (two very different languages!) is often forced to pick just one meaning. Even the best translation won’t have exactly the same meaning as the original.”



It is not just the transliteral meaning that is problematic but all the metaphorical meanings and cultural meanings to take into account as well. For example, “blood” was metaphorically associated with soul and life in classical Greece times. So is the “blood” of Jesus in Paul’s epistles a literal human blood or world-soul/cosmic body that the world ordering power (aka Wisdom or Mind of the El) shed? (In the sense that heavenly wisdom** externalized its divine body or substance into lifeless matter at the foundation of the world*, IOW, a world developing process.) An argument can be made for the latter based on local meaning of blood in Paul’s time. I have confirmed that meaning in the Dead Sea Scrolls too arguably written by the original Jewish Christians up to 150 B.C. If so, then the authors of the Gospels are personifying Paul’s universal, celestial Christ into a mythical story.

* (Revelation 13:8). “the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world”

** (1 Corinthians 1:24). ”Christ… the wisdom of God.”


Let us not deride the personal belief or behaviors of someone we do not know lest we want to create a litmus test for all Bible translators in order to rally support along party lines: for example your translators are immoral, they didn’t go to the right church, one of them has a drunk driving charge against him, etc. That gets us no where closer to the truth.
Curious....
Anyone who has been reading and actually studying the bible has learned that Revelation was written by a Jewish man, who was quite acquainted with the Jewish bible and all the imagery of the book can be found in the Jewish bible.

This understanding gives us a much better understanding and clarity of the imagery in Revelation.

I'm thinking that you should stop trying to impose your own beliefs on the bible. It's embarrassing to see you struggling through the sheer simplicity of Jesus.
 
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Curious....
Anyone who has been reading and actually studying the bible has learned that Revelation was written by a Jewish man, who was quite acquainted with the Jewish bible and all the imagery of the book can be found in the Jewish bible.

This understanding gives us a much better understanding and clarity of the imagery in Revelation.

I'm thinking that you should stop trying to impose your own beliefs on the bible. It's embarrassing to see you struggling through the sheer simplicity of Jesus.
I do not think anyone on this planet has an “understanding and clarity of the imagery in Revelations”, especially you.

But this OP has nothing to do do with the Book of Revelations.
 
I do not think anyone on this planet has an “understanding and clarity of the imagery in Revelations”, especially you.
But you do?
Wow.... ok.
Ironic.


But this OP has nothing to do do with the Book of Revelations.
No. This OP is entirely about a guy who translated the new testament, but isn't actually a theological translator.
He's a theological philosopher who tried his hand at translation of the bible.

Which was exactly why I posted the articles I did.

I figured that it's more intelligent to let more educated people, experienced in the field discuss their issues with the work of a philosophical theologian than a guy who's been reading the bible for the past 44 years.
 
But you do?
Wow.... ok.
Ironic.
You are a dufus. So everything is ironic to you.

No. This OP is entirely about a guy who translated the new testament, but isn't actually a theological translator.
He's a theological philosopher who tried his hand at translation of the bible.
He is an “associate at the Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study.” But what are you?

Which was exactly why I posted the articles I did.

I figured that it's more intelligent to let more educated people, experienced in the field discuss their issues with the work of a philosophical theologian than a guy who's been reading the bible for the past 44 years.
What are you saying? —that your reading the Bible for 44 years qualifies you as one “experienced in the field”. Ha, ha, ha! You are hilarious, Steve.
 
You are a dufus. So everything is ironic to you.
?
It is if you actually need me to be a dufus.

He is an “associate at the Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study.” But what are you?
I'm a guy who has been reading the bible for the past 44+ years.
I'm also a guy who has learned to check the claims of others by doing some basic research. It's a great day to be alive. 40+ years ago I would have had to go to the library to research this stuff.... now I just get on my phone, type in a few key terms and voila! This is awesome! A billion times better than back in my youth in my twenties.
I'm also a guy who is really enjoying learning to follow Jesus.
What are you saying? —that your reading the Bible for 44 years qualifies you as one “experienced in the field”.
Nope. I explicitly stated that I posted articles by experts who have previously stated they have problems with the guy.


Ha, ha, ha! You are hilarious, Steve.
Glad you find it amusing.
 
?
It is if you actually need me to be a dufus.
No, that is all on you.
I'm a guy who has been reading the bible for the past 44+ years.
I'm also a guy who has learned to check the claims of others by doing some basic research. It's a great day to be alive. 40+ years ago I would have had to go to the library to research this stuff.... now I just get on my phone, type in a few key terms and voila! This is awesome! A billion times better than back in my youth in my twenties.
Agreed.
I'm also a guy who is really enjoying learning to follow Jesus.
As am I.
Nope. I explicitly stated that I posted articles by experts who have previously stated they have problems with the guy.
There will always be people opposed to something. It is part of being human with an opinion.

Glad you find it amusing.
Isn’t that what you are here for, to entertain, because I am pretty sure that you don’t educate anyone.
 
No, that is all on you.
So you need me to be a dufus then. Got it.
I'd say the irony is all yours.
Agreed.

As am I.
Sure could have fooled me.
Seems quite clear that you're here to talk about an ideology that died millennia ago, and was only resurrected recently because of the Noah hammadi library.

There will always be people opposed to something. It is part of being human with an opinion.
Curious how that works. Well, as long as you believe that gravity is just an opinion, I'd say that you should try your opinion out. I'd like to see how that works.
Isn’t that what you are here for, to entertain, because I am pretty sure that you don’t educate anyone.
I've yet to see anything educational posted on your materials.
 
You are a dufus. So everything is ironic to you.

That means you are not alone.
He is an “associate at the Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study.” But what are you?

Big deal.


What are you saying? —that your reading the Bible for 44 years qualifies you as one “experienced in the field”. Ha, ha, ha! You are hilarious, Steve.

What is the basis of your high horse superiority?

"New Bible translation" reveals another guys opinion.
 
Doherty in his book, Jesus: Neither God Nor Man - The Case for a Mythical Jesus, makes the case that Paul’s epistles, unlike the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles, portrays Jesus as a cosmic being who is crucified by another imperfect divine being, and that it is this cosmic event that was revealed to the apostles and prophets through spiritual insight using a pesher approach (i.e., allegorizing) of Jewish scriptures.

Most people do not know this because the epistles are commonly translated in a way to support a historical meaning to the Gospel stories, something Paul neither knows about nor writes about, because they were written after his death. But what Paul did actually write about when translated literally arguably references a cosmic event. In that case, the Gospels were written after Paul’s death to personify his conceptions of cosmic events into a mythical story for instruction. But when the mythical stories in the Gospels were later made historical by the Roman church then the true cosmic event perceived by Paul and the other apostles became subordinated to supernatural myths and superstitions through the process of translation, —hence, the point of the OP.

From Doherty, “All this [Paul’s conception of a cosmic event] fits into that most fundamental of ancient concepts outlined earlier: the idea that earth was the mirror image of heaven, the product of proceeding from the archetype, the visible material counterpart to the genuine spiritual reality above.” (Doherty, Kindle Locations 21392-21398)

All this should be relevant to a-theists because if there actually is an alternative meaning to Paul’s epistles that infers the existence of invisible universal principles affecting all life in this universe, wouldn’t you want to know? Presuming, of course, that it is better to consider invisible universal principles influencing all life in the universe (a real possibility) versus a superman flying through the air after reassembling his decomposing human body (an impossibility).

With that idea prefaced, then what did Paul actually write regarding the crucifixion of Jesus? Here it is from the new translation mentioned in the OP compared to the common translation. Clearly, the translators of the common translation want their readers to take a meaning of the "rulers of this age" to be Pontius Pilate and the Jewish Sanhedrin. But "Archons", what is that? What is the intended meaning of that?

1 Cor. 2:8, A New Translation1 Cor 2:8 ESV
“Which none of this age’s Archons knew; for had they known they would not have crucified the Lord of glory;”“None of the rulers of this age understood this, for if they had, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory."


Per Doherty,
“There has not been a universal scholarly consensus on what Paul has in mind in 1 Corinthians 2:6 and 8, but many commentators (1) over the last century, some reluctantly, have decided that he is referring to the demon spirits. The term aion, age (or sometimes in the plural, “ages”), was in a religious and apocalyptic context a reference to the present age of the world, in the sense of all recorded history. The next or “coming” age was the one due to follow the awaited Day of the Lord, when God’s kingdom would be established. One of the governing ideas of the period was that the world [this age] to the present point had been under the the control of the evil angels and spirit powers, and that the coming of the new age would see their long awaited overthrow.

Humanity was engaged in a war against demons, and one of the strongest appeals of the Greek salvation cults was their promise of divine aid in this war, on a personal level. Thus “rulers of this age” [archons] should not be seen as referring to the current secular authorities who happen to be in power in present political circumstances…Rather, Paul envisions that those in the present age who have controlled the earth and separated it from heaven, the evil angelic powers, are approaching their time of “passing away” (1 Cor. 2:6) and that they did not understand God’s purposes, namely their own destruction, when they inadvertently crucified “the Lord of glory.”


(Please note that terminology by Doherty involving “demons”, and “angels”, used above carry a lot of baggage in large part due to the mythical Gospel stories (e.g. superman Jesus making legions of demons doing his bidding). I recommend jettisoning the baggage that comes with those terms from the Gospel stories and look beyond them in the sense of Paul’s conception, that is, of invisible, universal influences upon life in this universe.)

(Ephesians 6:12, A New Translation) “Because we are wrestling not against blood and flesh, but against the Archons, against the Powers, against the Cosmic Rulers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of wickedness in the celestial places.

For the sake of brevity I am going to end here but Doherty goes on to extensively demonstrate that such a meaning of a cosmic event was accepted by some of the earliest church fathers, to include, Ignatius, and Origen, before Tertullian came along and dismissed it entirely. There is much more in the Nag Hammadi written by a diverse background of Christians and in the Dead Sea Scrolls written up to 200 years B.C. by a Jewish sect, namely, the Essenes. IOW, this conception of universal principles influencing life in our universe goes all the way back to second Temple Judaism before formal Christianity began.

Reference:
  1. Some of those who judge “rulers of this age” to be a reference to the demon spirits: S. G. F. Brandon ( History, Time and Deity , p.167), C. K. Barrett ( First Epistle to the Corinthians , p.72), Jean Héring ( The First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians , p.16-17), Paula Fredriksen ( From Jesus to Christ , p.56), S. D. F. Salmond ( Expositor’s Greek Testament: Ephesians , p.284). Delling, in the article on “ archōn ” in the Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (I, p.488-9) regards the phrase “ tou aiōnos toutou ” as an objective, not a temporal genitive, and thus the term is “not, then, referring to earthly rulers” (n.7). Paul Ellingworth ( A Translator’s Handbook for 1 Corinthians , p.46) says: “A majority of scholars think that supernatural powers are intended here.”
 
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