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International Holocaust Memorial Day 2022 falls on Thursday, January 27.
Were I a Jew, I would not want the Holocaust remembered because it raises too
many painful questions about the so-called chosen people's popularity with God.
One has to ask, in point of fact there has been more than one rabbi ponder: How is
it that so many of Moses' people were caught up in the Holocaust? Where was God
during all that? Why didn't He step in and do something to protect His chosen
people?
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The Bible answers your questions. The Jews rejected Jesus as their king and are now being judged for that act. Yet God is still protecting them from being completely destroyed and a time is coming when they will receive their Messiah.
It is unfortunate that 2022 is rolling in like last year did with more displays of anti-Judaism around CARM. I posted the below last January
here in response to accusations that the Jews killed Jesus, but it is equally applicable to the insidious comments above that twentieth-century Jews got what they deserved in the Holocaust for a choice their ancient ancestors reputedly made. The summary paragraph and works cited will follow in a second post due to character limitation along with a proper call to sorrow and remembrance...
Kind regards,
Jonathan
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Before I left for my Christmas sabbatical there were a number of comments to the effect that Jews killed Jesus appearing in a certain thread and I’ve returned to find these unfortunate assertions continuing there. Support for these accusations has been drawn from the New Testament, as if its four gospels provide incontrovertible proof of this ‘fact’. Not only do such readings of sacred Christian texts rely on naïve historical method, but they paradoxically transmit while denying the anti-Jewish sentiments within these books that have generated legacies of violence against Jews down through the centuries. The purpose of this thread is to raise awareness of these interrelated problems and to discuss them.
I. The Execution of Jesus the Jew and Historical Method
“The one thing we know for sure about the historical Jesus is that he died, and that he died in the most gruesome, cruel and shameful of ways – on a Roman cross” (Bond 152). The specifics of that ignoble death cannot be stitched together through an uncritical reading and summary of the four canonical gospels. These books (among others) are historical sources that must be subjected to the same critical scrutiny as any other source from antiquity (Powell 4-5). The conclusion of historians who apply this method is that Jesus was a Jew (Bond 80) executed by the Romans “as a political agitator with some kind of messianic pretensions” (ibid 162). As for the accounts in the New Testament, they are not unbiased or dispassionate narratives, but stories “shaped by later Christian apologetic concerns” (Fredriksen 255).
II. Mark and the Opposition of Priestly Authorities
Mark, the first of the New Testament gospels to be composed, was written by an outsider to Judaism and for non-Jews (Tomson 104-5). Before any involvement of Romans is narrated, the author claims a number of groups plotted to kill Jesus: Pharisees and Herodians (3:6), chief priests and scribes (11:18; 14:1) – it is the latter pairing, together with elders (14:43, 53; 15:1), who are the ones to seize Jesus and turn him over to Pilate in the narrative. The chief priests are said to have stirred up the crowd to demand the release of a seditious murderer named Barabbas (15:7, 11) and it is this same crowd that clamors for Jesus’ crucifixion (15:12-14). Chief priests, joined again by scribes, mock Jesus as he hangs on the cross (15:31) and these priestly authorities were the most likely opponents of the historical Jesus (Sloyan 34). Mark implicates both priestly and Roman authorities in Jesus’ death (ibid 53), the latter specified as the executioners (15:16-24). The manipulated crowd is less culpable, but potential anti-Jewish readings of the gospel (Levine 83) were realized in subsequent compositions.
III. Matthew, Pharisees and Condemnation of the People
Matthew used Mark as one of his sources (Tomson 106) and his editorial changes are informative. While Mark’s “parable” of the wicked tenants refers allegorically to the trio of chief priests, scribes and elders (11:27; 12:1-12), Matthew revises this to the chief priests and Pharisees (21:33-46). This same pair appears together after the burial in Matthew’s unique addition about soldiers sent to guard the tomb (27:62). Not only are the Pharisees now subtly implicated in Jesus’ death, but the crowds – influenced by both chief priests and elders (27:20) – become “all the people” who, in response to Pilate’s claim and gesture to absolve himself, transfer any guilt for the shedding of innocent blood on themselves and their children (27:24-25); this implies they do
not think he is innocent of wrongdoing and have nothing to fear, which is a point often overlooked (Sloyan 64). Insofar as the author presents Jesus as innocent, however, the curse is implicitly enacted when the Romans crucify him (27:26-35) and then “fulfilled” in the destruction of Jerusalem some forty years later (Levine 92). This “blood guilt” verse has nonetheless been interpreted by many Christians as perpetually binding and “has caused more Jewish suffering than any other in the Christian Testament” (ibid 91).
IV. John and “Jews” as Murderers of Jesus
The fourth gospel in canonical order represents a further development of the trajectory detected between II and III above. Despite its distinctive features, its author seems aware of earlier gospel narratives (Tomson 108) and Matthew’s unlikely coalition between chief priests and Pharisees is reinforced in John (7:32, 45; 11:47, 57; 18:3); these two groups, alone or together, now blur (Reinhartz 220) into the amorphous “Jews” (7:32>35; 8:13>22; 9:13>18; 9:40>10:19; 19:6>7). In place of a nameless crowd, John narrates the “Jews” as the ones who demand Barabbas’ release and Jesus’ crucifixion (18:38-40; 19:12-15). Earlier, the Johannine Jesus referred to the devil as the father of these “Jews” and that they wish to carry out his murderous desires (8:31-44). Indeed, the “Jews” themselves are the implicit agents of crucifying Jesus (19:16-18) and the involvement of soldiers (presumably Roman) in the deed is an afterthought of the narrator (19:23). The author, through the voice of Jesus, indicts the “Jews” of a greater sin than Pilate committed (19:11). In terms of the New Testament gospels, John alone reflects an irrevocable break between Jews and Christians (Tomson 110) and its anti-Jewish rhetoric (Reinhartz 225) is arguably the most overt.
V. Luke and Early Christian Anti-Judaism
I take the position that Luke knows not only Mark (Tomson 111) but Matthew and John, as well (Franklin; Shellard; cf. 1:1); he attempts, with little success, to defuse the anti-Judaism in his sources. Luke’s position on Judaism is, generally speaking, a positive one. He begins with stories of Jewish piety (chs 1-2) and his treatment of Pharisees is less antagonistic than that of his predecessors (Tomson 112); the only role they play in a plot to kill Jesus is to
warn him of it (13:31). The consistent culprits across the pertinent references (19:47; 20:19; 22:2, 52, 66; 23:1, 4, 10, 13; 24:20) are the chief priests, though they are joined by rulers and the people at the critical point in the proceedings when Jesus’ crucifixion is demanded (23:13, 21, 23). They are collectively the implied agents of the crucifixion (23:24-26, 33) with soldiers (presumably Roman) introduced only among those mocking Jesus (23:35-36). Luke, however, includes Jesus’ petition for the forgiveness of his (Jewish) executioners because they have acted out of ignorance (23:34; cf. Acts 3:17). Later Christians were not so congenial and, wishing the Jews as a whole to remain under condemnation, excised this plea of forgiveness from the cross in the process of copying the text of Luke (Ehrman 111-13).
VI. Conclusion
In sections II through V above I have examined the four New Testament gospels for their portrayals of Jesus’ execution, looking for what their respective authors asserted about Jewish involvement. All were unanimous that there was some, but they disagreed in terms of the extent and the implications. That the temple aristocracy played some role emerges as a reliable datum to supplement the historical claim in section I that Jesus was executed by the Romans (Sloyan 107). Analysis revealed a
development (Tomson 102) of increased Jewish involvement from primarily the chief priests (Mark) to the Pharisees (Matthew and John) to all the people present in Jerusalem for Passover (John and Luke). While Matthew saw the people’s fault as symbolic and divine judgment executed on them and their children at the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, their guilt is open-ended in John; Luke counters with clemency, but the trajectory of Matthew and John continued unabated and its legacy has been a tragic and bloody one. The New Testament gospels do not present a uniform perspective on the subject (Tomson 103) and thus to read these texts as presenting a harmonious and straightforward “history” is methodologically flawed.