That was a interesting article.
In regards your #1 it is not surprising some christians agree with evolution and say god caused it to happen. Christians refuse to say exactly what god is, how he does anything, or what his attributes are. Besides that many things about god are contradictory as I have pointed out elsewhere. Because christians refuse to give any specifics about god it is impossible to say that he has or has not done anything. It is an empty assertion. Maybe god is guiding evolution. Maybe he cooked my dinner last night. There is no way of knowing.
In regards to number 2 you refer to an article written by a psychiatrist Thomas Verney (not a biologist nor neurologist). He has done no research on brains/minds, he simply read various research and wrote a book suggesting memories are stored partly in the body not only in the brain.
In all fairness, it should be pointed out Verney appears to be either a christian or new ager.
Here he wrote an article stating that consciousness is not based on brains but has something to do with quantum mechanics. He also claims information can be sent invisibly due to something called “quantum teleportation”. “The previous distance for what's known as quantum teleportation or sending information via entangled particles, was about 140 kilometers, or 86 miles.”
A review from his book “Cordless” states “Beyond the uncertainty of the world's inhumanity, lies the fragile possibility of wisdom and
perhaps even faith.”
He wrote the foreword for a book called Spirit Into Form where he said “Cherionna Menzam-Sills’s book,
Spirit into Form, is based on her long experience as a craniosacral therapist and somatic prenatal and birth therapist. Cherionna takes you on a tour of important developmental stages during gestation. But in addition to that she has much to say about
the larger fields of Love, Spirit, and Soul and how they are connected to the body.”
In this
blog post called John J. Bonaduce PhD., Mythobiogenesis: The Cellular Origin of Myth, Religion, and Ritual he claims to be researching “…the origin of
myth, religion, and ritual not only in the vastness of human history, but in the confining nucleus of a human cell.”
While none of this proves him categorically wrong he should point out in the preface of his book or article that he is a religionist who believes in souls and consciousness that exists outside of the brain (apparently based on religious reasons).
In regards to the article which is from his book “The Embodied Mind” one should remember none of this is proven, nor researched, it is simply his opinion as a psychiatrist.
In the article he states “ The mind, I conclude, is fluid and adaptable, embodied but not enskulled.” So when a person dies obviously their brain and body die and even if memories were stored in the body (other than the brain) it is still the end of the person. You said this article was a "counterexample" of my claim that "the mind can't exist without the brain". It isn't. Nowhere in the article does it say what you are claiming.
The article is too long to respond to the whole thing so I’ll just make some salient points.
Planaria are nothing like humans and even if memories could be transferred to new organisms after fission it proves nothing about humans.
This research done by
NIH titled “Vertically- and horizontally-transmitted memories – the fading boundaries between regeneration and inheritance in planaria” states how memories are transmitted through fission or asexual reproduction and none of it has anything to do with souls, god , etc.
“In the broadest sense of the word, memory is what enables altering of future responses based on history. Biological memory is encoded at many levels:
metabolic differences (Cameron et al., 2012; Ros et al., 2006),
epigenetic factors (e.g. small RNAs, histone marks, DNA methylation and prions) (Bird, 2002; D'Urso and Brickner, 2014; Iwasaki and Paszkowski, 2014),
stable bioelectrical circuit modes (Cervera et al., 2014; Law and Levin, 2015),
or neuronally-encoded memories (Axmacher et al., 2006; Daoudal and Debanne, 2003; Herry and Johansen, 2014; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Zhang and Linden, 2003).
A myriad of mechanisms exist to allow molecules, molecular pathways, cells, and cellular networks to transduce physiological or behavioral inputs (experiences) into stable state changes that guide future activities. In this sense, processes that ensure the persistence of different developmental fates or trajectories are also forms of memory.”
According to this it is understood how planaria can transmit memories through fission. It is nothing mysterious. Verney actually agrees with this he just claims memories are stored in parts of the body other than the brain.
I also take issue with describing planaria as having brains. Some biologists say they have ganglia (a place where several major nerves come together and connect). It is also unclear that planaria have heads. If you go outside and dig up a worm in the garden it has no head, not even really a “front end”. Planaria have a mouth, primitive eyes that do nothing other than sense light or dark (they cannot see), and the ganglia behind the eyes. Some would not call this a head. They have no circulatory nor respiratory systems. In many of the cases of fission/regeneration memories were NOT transmitted which was not mentioned in the article. The memories he is referring to that planaria pass on are extremely simple things like looking for food in response to a flash of light. Furthermore after fission,
while part of the organism has no brain, it has no memories.
The human brain and peripheral nervous system is nothing like a planaria. There is a huge amount of evidence linking the mind to the brain. There is no evidence that human memories are stored anywhere except the brain nor any evidence of people having memories without a brain. In the article he discusses a 44-year-old French man who had hydrocephalus – water on the brain, and yet was functioning. This is an outlier. There have literally been 5 or 10 cases like this man in known history. These people ALL had brains, albeit smaller than normal. Almost all people with hydrocephalus have varying degrees of disability and depending on how severe it is and how it is treated the outcomes range from mild disability, to severe physical and cognitive disability, to death.
Humans do not engage in fission, regeneration, and are not asexual. There are no cases ever in history of anyone surviving without a brain, no cases in all of history of anyone having a mind with no brain, and no cases in known history of parents passing memories to their children through sexual reproduction.